Perioperative intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine for alleviating postpartum depression after cesarean section: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

The efficacy of perioperative dexmedetomidine (DEX) infusion as a precaution against postpartum depression (PPD) in women undergoing cesarean section has not been substantiated systematically. A literature search for RCTs on DEX against PPD was retrieved in the following databases from inception to January 3, 2024: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, CBM, VIP, etc. A total of 13 RCTs with 1711 participants were included. Meta-analysis was performed by RevMan5.3 and Stata16 using a random-effects model. EPDS scores were significantly decreased in the DEX group within one week or over one week postpartum compared to the control group (SMD = -1.25, 95 %CI: -1.73 to -0.77; SMD = -1.08, 95 %CI: -1.43 to -0.73). The prevalence of PPD was significantly inferior to the control at both time points (RR = 0.36, 95 %CI: 0.24 to 0.54; RR = 0.39, 95 %CI: 0.26 to 0.57). Univariate meta-regression suggested that age influenced the heterogeneity of the EPDS scores (P = 0.039), and DEX infusion dose was a potential moderator (P = 0.074). The subgroup analysis results of PPD scores at both time points were consistent, showing that: ① Mothers younger than 30 years old had better sensitivity to DEX for treating PPD. ② The anti-PPD efficacy of continuous infusion of DEX by PCIA was superior to both single infusion and combined infusion. ③ DEX showed a better anti-PPD effect when the total infusion dose was ≤ 2 µg/kg. Moreover, DEX improved analgesia and sleep quality, provided appropriate sedation, and reduced the incidence of nausea, vomiting, and chills. The current evidence confirmed the prophylaxis and superiority of DEX for PPD. More high-quality, large-scale RCTs are required for verifying the reliability and formulating administration methods.

Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Postpartum Depression in Women With Prenatal Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Postpartum depression (PPD) is emerging as a major public health problem worldwide. Although the particular period and context in which PPD occurs provides an opportunity for preventive interventions, there is still a lack of pharmacologic prevention strategies for PPD. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine for prevention of PPD among women with prenatal depression undergoing cesarean delivery. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial enrolled 338 women who screened positive for prenatal depression at 2 hospitals in Hunan, China from March 28, 2022, to April 16, 2023. Women with an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of more than 9 who were 18 years of age or older and were scheduled for elective cesarean delivery were eligible. Interventions: Eligible participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the dexmedetomidine group or the control group via centrally computer-generated group randomization. Dexmedetomidine, 0.5 µg/kg and 0.9% saline were intravenously infused for 10 minutes after delivery in the dexmedetomidine and control groups, respectively. After infusion, sufentanil or dexmedetomidine plus sufentanil was administered via patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for 48 hours in the control group and dexmedetomidine group, respectively. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was positive PPD screening results at 7 and 42 days post partum, defined as a postpartum Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of more than 9. Analysis was on an intention-to-treat basis. Results: All 338 participants were female, with a mean (SD) age of 31.5 (4.1) years. Positive PPD screening incidence at 7 and 42 days post partum in the dexmedetomidine group vs the control group was significantly decreased (day 7, 21 of 167 [12.6%] vs 53 of 165 [32.1%]; risk ratio, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.25-0.62]; P < .001; day 42, 19 of 167 [11.4%] vs 50 of 165 [30.3%]; risk ratio, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.23-0.61]; P < .001). The dexmedetomidine group showed no significant difference in adverse events vs the control group (46 of 169 [27.2%] vs 33 of 169 [19.5%]; P = .10), but the incidence of hypotension increased (31 of 169 [18.3%] vs 16 of 169 [9.5%]; risk ratio, 2.15 [95% CI, 1.13-4.10]; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance: Dexmedetomidine administration in the early postpartum period significantly reduced the incidence of a positive PPD screening and maintained a favorable safety profile. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2200057213.

Preemptive QP001, a fast-acting meloxicam formulation, provides analgesia and reduces opioid consumption following abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: QP001, a novel meloxicam formulation, has been developed to manage moderate to severe postoperative pain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of QP001 injections for moderate to severe pain following abdominal surgery. METHOD: This prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial enlisted patients experiencing moderate to severe pain following abdominal surgery. These patients were randomized to receive either QP001 injections (30 mg or 60 mg) or a placebo pre-surgery. The primary efficacy endpoint was the total morphine consumption within 24 h after the first administration. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients were enrolled, and 106 patients completed the study. The total morphine consumption in the QP001 30 mg group and 60 mg group, versus placebo group, were significantly lower over the following 24 h (5.11[5.46] vs 8.86[7.67], P = 0.011; 3.11[3.08] vs 8.86[7.67], P < 0.001), respectively. The total morphine consumption in the QP001 30 mg and 60 mg groups, versus placebo group, was also significantly decreased over the following 48 h, including the 24-48 h period (P ≤ 0.001). The QP001 30 mg and 60 mg groups, versus placebo, showed a significant decrease in the area under the curve for pain intensity-time as well as a significant decrease in the effective pressing times of the analgesic pump over the 24 h and 48 h periods (P < 0.05). The QP001 groups, versus placebo, show no significant different in Adverse Events or Adverse Drug Reactions (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative/preemptive QP001 provides analgesia and reduces opioid consumption in patients with moderate to severe pain following abdominal surgery, while maintaining a favorable safety profile.

Predicting efficacy of sub-anesthetic ketamine/esketamine i.v. dose during course of cesarean section for PPD prevention, utilizing traditional logistic regression and machine learning models.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing researches supported that intravenous ketamine/esketamine during the perioperative period of cesarean section could prevent postpartum depression(PPD). With the effective rate ranging from 87.2 % to 95.5 % in PPD, ketamine/esketamine's responsiveness was individualized. To optimize ketamine dose/form based on puerpera prenatal characteristics, reducing adverse events and improving the total efficacy rate, prediction models were developed to predict ketamine/esketamine's efficacy. METHOD: Based on two randomized controlled trials, 12 prenatal features of 507 women administered the ketamine/esketamine intervention were collected. Traditional logistics regression, SVM, random forest, KNN and XGBoost prediction models were established with prenatal features and dosage regimen as predictors. RESULTS: According to the logistic regression model (ain = 0.10, aout = 0.15, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC = 0.728), prenatal Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 10, thoughts of self-injury and bad mood during pregnancy were associated with poorer ketamine efficacy in PPD prevention, whilst a high dose of esketamine (0.25 mg/kg loading dose+2 mg/kg PCIA) was the most effective dosage regimen and esketamine was more recommended rather than ketamine in PPD. The AUCvalidation set of KNN and XGBoost model were 0.815 and 0.651, respectively. CONCLUSION: Logistic regression and machine learning algorithm, especially the KNN model, could predict the effectiveness of ketamine/esketamine iv. during the course of cesarean section for PPD prevention. An individualized preventative strategy could be developed after entering puerpera clinical features into the model, possessing great clinical practice value in reducing PPD incidence.

Correlations between GRIN2B and GRIN3A gene polymorphisms and postpartum depressive symptoms in Chinese parturients undergoing cesarean section: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) and self-harm ideation with n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GRIN2B and GRIN3A gene polymorphisms and other risk factors in women undergoing cesarean section. METHODS: A total of 362 parturients undergoing cesarean section under lumbar anesthesia were selected and their postpartum depression level was assessed by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 42 days postpartum, with an EPDS score of 9/10 as the cut-off value. Three GRIN2B SNP loci (rs1805476, rs3026174, rs4522263) and five GRIN3A SNP loci (rs1983812, rs2050639, rs2050641, rs3739722, rs10989563) were selected for genotype detection. The role of each SNP, linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes in the development of postpartum depression was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed for related risk factors. RESULTS: PDS incidence was 16.85%, and self-harm ideation incidence was 13.54%. Univariate analysis showed that GRIN2B rs1805476, rs3026174 and rs4522263 gene polymorphisms were associated with PDS (p < 0.05), with GRIN2B rs4522263 gene also associated with maternal self-harm ideation. GRIN3A rs1983812, rs2050639, rest rs2050641, rs3739722 and rs10989563 alleles were not associated with PDS. Logistic regression analysis indicated that high pregnancy stress, as well as rs1805476 and rs4522263 alleles were PDS risk factors following cesarean delivery. GRIN2B (TTG p = 0.002) and GRIN3A (TGTTC p = 0.002) haplotypes were associated with the lower PDS incidence and higher PDS incidence respectively. CONCLUSION: GRIN2B rs1805476 GG genotype, rs4522263 CC genotype and high stress during pregnancy were risk factors for PDS, whilst a significantly higher incidence of self-harm ideation was evident in parturients carrying GRIN2B rs4522263 CC genotype.

Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besylate in bronchoscopy for adults: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, positive-controlled clinical study.

Background: With the development of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of various pulmonary diseases, the anesthesia/sedation requirements are becoming more demanding, posing great challenges for patient safety while ensuring a smooth examination/surgery process. Remimazolam, a brand-new ultra-short-acting anesthetic, may compensate for the shortcomings of current anesthetic/sedation strategies in bronchoscopy. Methods: This study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel positive controlled phase 3 clinical trial. Subjects were randomized to receive 0.2 mg/kg remimazolam besylate or 2 mg/kg propofol during bronchoscopy to evaluate the efficacy and safety of remimazolam. Results: A total of 154 subjects were successfully sedated in both the remimazolam group and the propofol group, with a success rate of 99.4% (95%CI of the adjusted difference -6.7 × 10%-6% to -5.1 × 10%-6%). The sedative effect of remimazolam was noninferior to that of propofol based on the prespecified noninferiority margin of -5%. Compared with the propofol group, the time of loss of consciousness in the remimazolam group (median 61 vs. 48s, p < 0.001), the time from the end of study drug administration to complete awakening (median 17.60 vs. 12.80 min, p < 0.001), the time from the end of bronchoscopy to complete awakening (median 11.00 vs. 7.00 min, p < 0.001), the time from the end of study drug administration to removal of monitoring (median 19.50 vs. 14.50 min, p < 0.001), and the time from the end of bronchoscopy to removal of monitoring (median 12.70 vs. 8.60 min, p < 0.001) were slightly longer. The incidence of Adverse Events in the remimazolam group and the propofol group (74.8% vs. 77.4%, p = 0.59) was not statistically significant, and none of them had Serious Adverse Events. The incidence of hypotension (13.5% vs. 29.7%, p < 0.001), hypotension requiring treatment (1.9% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.017), and injection pain (0.6% vs. 16.8%, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the remimazolam group than in the propofol group. Conclusion: Moderate sedation with 0.2 mg/kg remimazolam besylate is effective and safe during bronchoscopy. The incidence of hypotension and injection pain was less than with propofol, but the time to loss of consciousness and recovery were slightly longer. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, ChiCTR2000039753.

Safety, Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, and Absolute Bioavailability of Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Nasal Spray in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Parallel, Escalating Dose Study.

Background: The present study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), and absolute bioavailability (Fabs) of Dex nasal spray in healthy adult subjects, which serves as a bridge for the subsequent study in children. Methods: Part 1: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose study was performed on 48 subjects. For 20-/40-µg groups, every 6/2 subjects received either Dex/placebo nasal spray or Dex/placebo injection in two periods. In total, 12/4 subjects each received 100 µg Dex/placebo nasal spray. Part 2: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study; 12/4 subjects received 150 µg Dex/placebo nasal spray. Part 3: a randomized, open, self-crossover study; 12 subjects received 20 µg and 100 µg Dex nasal spray in two periods alternately. The method of administration was optimized in Part 2 and Part 3. Results: In part 1, Dex nasal spray was well tolerated up to the maximum dose of 100 µg, whereas the Fabs was tolerated to only 28.9%-32.3%. In Part 2 and Part 3, the optimized nasal spray method was adopted to promote the Fabs of Dex nasal spray to 74.1%-89.0%. A severe adverse event was found in Part 2. In Part 3 (100 µg), the Ramsay score increased the most and lasted the longest, whereas the BIS score decreased most significantly. Conclusion: Using the optimized nasal spray method, a single dose of 20/100 µg of the test drug was safe and tolerable, and 100 µg may have approached or reached the plateau of sedation. In addition, it is found that the optimized method can greatly improve the bioavailability of the test drug, leading to its higher reference value.

Bioavailability and Safety of a New Highly Concentrated Midazolam Nasal Spray Compared to Buccal and Intravenous Midazolam Treatment in Chinese Healthy Volunteers.

INTRODUCTION: Buccal midazolam treatment is licensed in the European Union for prolonged acute convulsive seizures in children and adolescents, but the buccal pathway is often hampered by jaw clenching, hypersalivation, or uncontrolled swallowing. Midazolam formulations that are more secure, reliable, and faster for use are needed in the acute setting. Pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of intranasally administered midazolam and two midazolam intravenous solutions administered buccally or intravenously in healthy adults were evaluated. METHODS: In this phase 1, open-label, randomized, single-dose, three-period, three-sequence crossover study, 12 healthy adults (19-41 years) were randomly assigned to receive 2.5 mg midazolam intranasally; 2.5 mg midazolam intravenously; 2.5 mg midazolam buccally. Blood samples were collected for 10 h post dose to determine pharmacokinetic profiles. Adverse events and vital signs were recorded. RESULTS: Intranasal administration of 2.5 mg midazolam demonstrated a more rapid median time to Cmax compared to buccal administration of midazolam (Tmax, 12.6 min vs. 45 min; Cmax, 38.33 ng/ml vs. 24.97 ng/ml). The antiepileptic effect of intranasal and buccal midazolam treatment lasted less than 4 h and generally did not differ from intravenously administered midazolam. No serious adverse events or deaths were reported, and no treatment-emergent adverse events led to study discontinuation. CONCLUSION: Intranasal administration of midazolam may be a preferable alternative to the currently approve buccal midazolam treatment for prolonged acute convulsive seizures in children and adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial [ http://www.chictr.org.cn ] (ChiCTR2000032595) on 3 May, 2020.

The development and application of a prediction model for postpartum depression: optimizing risk assessment and prevention in the clinic.

BACKGROUND: Preventive intervention can significantly reduce the human and economic costs of postpartum depression (PPD) compared with treatment post-diagnosis. However, identifying women with a high PPD risk and making a judgement as to the benefits of preventive intervention is a major challenge. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of parturients that underwent a cesarean delivery. Control group was used as development cohort and validation cohort to construct the risk prediction model of PPD and determine a risk threshold. Ketamine group and development cohort were used to verify the risk classification of parturients by evaluating whether the incidence of PPD decreased significantly after ketamine treatment in high-risk for PPD population. RESULTS: The AUC for the development cohort and validation cohort of the PPD prediction model were 0.751 (95%CI:0.700-0.802) and 0.748 (95%CI:0.680-0.816), respectively. A threshold of 19% PPD risk probability was determined, with a specificity and sensitivity in the validation cohort are 0.766 and 0.604, respectively. After matching the high-risk group and the low-risk group by propensity score, the results demonstrated that PPD incidence significantly reduced in the high-risk group following ketamine, versus non-ketamine, intervention (p < 0.01). In contrast, intervention in the low-risk group showed no significant difference in PPD outcomes (p > 0.01). LIMITATION: Randomized trials are needed to further verify the feasibility of the model and the thresholds proposed. CONCLUSION: This prediction model developed in this study shows utility in predicting PPD risk. Ketamine intervention significantly lowers PPD incidence in parturients with a risk classification threshold greater than 19%.

Correlations Between SIRT Genetic Polymorphisms and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Parturients Who Had Undergone Cesarean Section.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms of SIRT with postpartum depressive symptoms and analyze the risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms in women following cesarean section. METHODS: A total of 368 Chinese woman undergoing cesarean section were enrolled in this study. A cutoff of ≥10 for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale identified postpartum depressive symptoms. Genotypes of SIRT1, SIRT 2, and SIRT 6 were determined using Sequenom MassArray single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. We analyzed the contribution of genetic factors (SNPs, linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype) to postpartum depressive symptoms and performed logistic regression analysis to identify all potential risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms and define interactions between genetic and environmental factors. RESULTS: The incidence of postpartum depressive symptoms was 18.7% in this cohort. Univariate analysis suggested that SIRT2 polymorphism at rs2873703 (TT genotype) and rs4801933 ((TT genotype) and SIRT6 polymorphism at rs350846 (CC genotype) and rs107251 (TT genotype) were significantly correlated with the occurrence of postpartum depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Linkage disequilibrium was identified between SIRT6 polymorphisms rs350846 and rs107251. Incidence of postpartum depressive symptoms in cesarean-section parturients with SIRT2 haplotype CCC was decreased (OR 0.407, 95% CI 0.191-0.867; p=0.016). SIRT2 polymorphisms rs2873703 and rs4801933 were multiply collinear. Logistic regression analysis showed that SIRT2 polymorphism at rs2873703 (TT genotype) and rs4801933 (TT genotype), domestic violence, stress during pregnancy, and depressive prenatal mood were risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with SIRT2 genotypes rs2873703 TT and rs4801933 TT and experiencing domestic violence, stress during pregnancy, and prenatal depression are more likely to suffer from postpartum depressive symptoms.

Association between well-characterized gene polymorphisms and the hypnosis response caused by sevoflurane-induced anaesthesia.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Sevoflurane is the most widely used volatile anaesthetic in clinical practice. It exhibits a hypnotic (unconsciousness) effect and causes a loss of reaction to noxious stimuli (immobility). However, to date, the mechanism of action of sevoflurane is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the effects of genetic variations on sevoflurane-induced hypnosis. METHODS: Sixty-six SNPs in 18 candidate genes were genotyped using MALDI-TOF MassARRAY in a discovery cohort containing 161 patients administered sevoflurane. Significant polymorphisms were assessed in a validation cohort containing 265 patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Three polymorphisms (GRIN1 rs28681971, rs79901440 and CHRNA7 rs72713539) were significantly associated with the time to loss of consciousness in patients treated with sevoflurane in the discovery cohort; among them, GRIN1 rs28681971 showed a significant association even after false discovery rate (FDR) correction (pFDR  = 0.039). Following the validation analysis, GRIN1 rs28681971 and rs79901440 showed statistical efficacy (pFDR  = 0.027, 0.034). Combined assessments and meta-analysis of the results of the two cohorts indicated that the C carriers of rs28681971 and T carriers of rs79901440 in GRIN1 require a longer time to achieve unconsciousness. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that GRIN1 polymorphisms are associated with sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness. Thus, the genotypes of GRIN1 may serve as novel and meaningful biomarkers for sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness.

The role of kynurenine pathway and kynurenic aminotransferase alleles in postpartum depression following cesarean section in Chinese women.

OBJECTIVES: A growing body of data indicates that the kynurenine pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS). Kynurenic aminotransferase (KAT) is an important kynurenine pathway enzyme, catalyzing kynurenine (KYN) into kynurenic acid (KYNA). This study investigated as to whether genetic variations in KAT are associated with PDS. METHODS: A cohort of 360 Chinese women scheduled to undergo cesarean delivery was enrolled into this study. PDS was determined by an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 13. A total of eight KAT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped and their association with PDS investigated. Serum concentrations of KYN, KYNA, and quinolinic acid (QUIN) in women with or without PDS were also measured. This allowed the determination of the KYNA/KYN ratio, which is reflective of KAT activity. RESULTS: Postpartum depressive symptoms incidence was 7.2%. Advanced maternal age, lower education, antenatal depression, and postpartum blues were risk factors for PDS (p < .05). Women with PDS, versus non-PDS, had heightened KYN levels one day prior to surgery (ante-d1) (p < .05), as well as having significantly lower KYNA and higher QUIN levels at postnatal day three (post-d3) (p < .05). Women with, versus without, PDS also had a significantly higher QUIN/KYNA ratio at post-d3 (p < .05). KAT activity was significantly lower in women with, versus without, PDS at ante-d3 (p < .05). No significant association was evident between the KAT SNPs and PDS. CONCLUSION: Our data support a role for alterations in the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of PDS, although no significant association was found for the eight tested KAT SNPs with PDS.

Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Postpartum Depressive Symptoms following Cesarean Section in Chinese Women: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have investigated the prophylactic efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS). A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted to investigate whether the administration of DEX, immediately after delivery and for patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA), can attenuate PDS. METHODS: A total of 600 parturients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated into the control group (infusion with 0.9% normal saline after delivery and PCIA with sufentanil) and the DEX group (DEX infusion 0.5 µg/kg after delivery and PCIA with DEX plus sufentanil). The prevalence of postpartum depressive disorders was indicated by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Postoperative analgesia, sedation, and sleep quality of parturients were also assessed. RESULTS: Postpartum blues and PDS prevalence in the DEX, versus control, group were significantly lower (5.0% vs 14.1%, p<0.001; 5.7% vs 16.3%, p<0.001, respectively), especially in parturients with antenatal depression or moderate stress during pregnancy. Compared with the control group, the EPDS score at postpartum days 7 and 42 in the DEX group was significantly lower (4.23 ± 4.37 vs 1.93 ± 3.36, p<0.001; 4.68 ± 4.78 vs 1.99 ± 3.18, p<0.001, respectively), as was the incidence of postpartum self-harm ideation at postpartum days 7 and 42 in the DEX group versus the control group (1.1% vs 4.0%, p=0.03; 0.4% vs 2.9%, p=0.04, respectively). The pain score and the sleep quality in the DEX group were better than that in the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The application of DEX in the early postpartum period can significantly attenuate the incidence of postpartum depressive disorders.

Prophylactic use of ketamine reduces postpartum depression in Chinese women undergoing cesarean section✰.

This study aimed to explore the effect of prophylactic ketamine administration on postpartum depression in Chinese woman undergoing cesarean section. This randomized controlled study included 654 Chinese women undergoing cesarean section. At 10 min after child birth, patients in the ketamine group were given 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, whereas patients in the control group received standard postpartum care. At the end of operation, all patients were armed with a patient-controlled intravenous analgesia device. The primary outcome was the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD), as assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the secondary outcomes included the safety assessment and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of postoperative pain. The prevalence of postpartum blues and postpartum depression were significantly lower in the ketamine group than in the control group. Logistic analysis showed that ketamine administration protected against postpartum depression, and PPD-associated risk factors included stress during pregnancy, antenatal depressive symptom and antenatal suicidal ideation. In addition, the antidepressive effect of prophylactic ketamine was stronger in mothers with a history of moderate stress during pregnancy, antenatal depressive symptom and antenatal suicidal ideation. Our findings suggest that ketamine functions as a prophylactic agent against PPD.

Association of Intraoperative Hypotension with Acute Kidney Injury after Noncardiac Surgery in Patients Younger than 60 Years Old.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) may be associated with surgery-related acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the duration of hypotension that triggers AKI is poorly understood. The incidence of AKI with various durations of IOH and mean arterial pressures (MAPs) was investigated. MATERIALS: A retrospective cohort study of 4,952 patients undergoing noncardiac surgery (2011 to 2016) with MAP monitoring and a length of stay of one or more days was performed. The exclusion criteria were a preoperative estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) ≤60 mL min-1 1.73 m2-1, a preoperative MAP less than 65 mm Hg, dialysis dependence, urologic surgery, age older than 60 years, and a surgical duration of less than 60 min. The primary exposure was IOH, and the primary outcome was AKI (50% or 0.3 mg dL-1 increase in creatinine) during the first 7 postoperative days. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model the exposure-outcome relationship. RESULTS: AKI occurred in 186 (3.76%) noncardiac surgery patients. The adjusted odds ratio for surgery-related AKI for a MAP of less than 55 mm Hg was 14.11 (95% confidence interval: 5.02-39.69) for an exposure of more than 20 min. Age was not an interaction factor between AKI and IOH. CONCLUSION: There was a considerably increased risk of postoperative AKI when intraoperative MAP was less than 55 mm Hg for more than 10 min. Strict blood pressure management is recommended even for patients younger than 60 years old.

[Postpartum depression: association with genetic polymorphisms of noradrenaline metabolic enzymes and the risk factors].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms of norepinephrine metabolizing enzymes with postpartum depression and analyze the risk factors for postpartum depression in women following cesarean section. METHODS: A total of 591 Chinese woman of Han Nationality undergoing caesarean section were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of postpartum depression was established for an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥9. For all the women without antepartum depression, the genotypes of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; at 5 sites including rs2020917 and rs737865) and monoamine oxidase A (rs6323) were determined using Sequenom? Mass Array single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. We analyzed the contribution of the genetic factors (SNPs, linkage disequilibrium and haplotype) to postpartum depression and performed logistic regression analysis to identify all the potential risk factors for postpartum depression and define the interactions between the genetic and environmental factors. RESULTS: The incidence of postpartum depression was 18.1% in this cohort. Univariate analysis suggested that COMT polymorphism at rs2020917 (TT genotype) and rs737865 (GG genotype) were significantly correlated with the occurrence of postpartum depression (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that COMT polymorphism at rs2020917 (TT genotype) and rs737865 (GG genotype), severe stress during pregnancy, and domestic violence were the risk factors for postpartum depression (P < 0.05); no obvious interaction was found between the genetic polymorphisms and the environmental factors in the occurrence of postpartum depression. CONCLUSIONS: The rs2020917TT and rs737865GG genotypes of COMT, stress in pregnancy, and domestic violence are the risk factors for postpartum depression.

The promising role of PAX1 (aliases: HUP48, OFC2) gene methylation in cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: Paired-box gene 1 (PAX1), a member of the PAX family, plays a role in pattern formation during embryogenesis, and might be essential for development of the vertebral column. METHODS: PAX1 is silenced by methylation in several cancers and is considered a tumor suppressor gene. Our previous studies reported PAX1 as hypermethylated in cervical cancer tissues, thereby suggesting it as a potential screening marker. Recently, an increasing number of studies have confirmed PAX1 methylation as a promising biomarker in cervical cancer based on its excellent discriminatory ability between high-grade cervical lesions and normal tissues, resulting in a reduced necessity for referral for colposcopy and biopsy. Additionally, PAX1 is also hypermethylated in other tumors, including those associated with epithelial ovarian cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma, and shows relatively good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of these tumors. RESULTS: This review summarizes reports of PAX1 methylation and its promising role in cancer screening, especially that associated with cervical cancer. CONCLUSION: According to current evidence, combined testing for human papillomavirus and PAX1 methylation analysis represents an efficacious cervical cancer-screening protocol.

The IDO genetic polymorphisms and postpartum depressive symptoms: an association study in Chinese parturients who underwent cesarean section.

Postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) are not an uncommon mood disorder in postpartum women. Our previous research indicated a role for increased tryptophan (TRP) metabolism along the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the pathogenesis of PDS. Accordingly, this study was going to investigate the association of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, a key enzyme of KP) genetic polymorphisms with PDS. Seven hundred twenty-five women receiving cesarean section were enrolled in this study. PDS was determined by an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 13. Subsequently, 48 parturients with PDS and 48 parturients without PDS were selected for investigation of perinatal serum concentrations of TRP, kynurenine (KYN), and KYN/TRP ratio, the latter is the representative of IDO activity. In addition, seven single nucleotide polymorphisms of the IDO gene were examined. Following this genotyping, 50 parturients carrying the IDO rs10108662 AA genotype and 50 parturients carrying the IDO rs10108662 AC + CC genotype were selected for comparisons of TRP, KYN, and KYN/TRP ratio levels. This study showed the PDS incidence of 6.9% in the Chinese population, with PDS characterized by increased IDO activity (p < 0.05), versus women without PDS. We also found that the variations of IDO1 gene rs10108662 were significantly related to PDS incidence (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in IDO activity between the IDO rs10108662 CA + AA, versus CC, genotypes. Our findings indicate a role of the kynurenine pathway in the development of PDS, rs10108662 genetic polymorphism resulting in changes of IDO activity might contribute to PDS pathogenesis.

[Correlation between kynurenine metabolites and postpartum depression].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between kynurenine (KYN) metabolites and postpartum depression (PPD), and to provide new possible explanation for the pathogenesis of postpartum depression (PPD).
 Methods: A total of 726 Chinese women, who received cesarean section, were enrolled in this study. PPD was diagnosed with an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥13. Twenty-four women with PPD and 48 matched women without PPD were randomly selected. The perinatal serum concentrations of KYN, quinolinic acid (QUIN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA) were measured. Subsequently, the puerperants were compared for the differences in the serum concentrations of KYN, QUIN and KYNA at the end of term, day 1 and day 3 after cesarean section, respectively.
 Results: The incidence of PPD was 7.99%. Of clinical characteristics, pressure during pregnancy was significantly different between subjects with or without PPD (P<0.01). Patients with PPD showed significantly increased serum KYN concentration (P<0.05) at the end of term, increased serum QUIN concentration (P<0.05) and decreased KYNA concentration (P<0.05) on the third day after cesarean section as compared with the control women. Furthermore, the KYNA/QUIN ratio was significantly higher in patients with PPD as compared to the control women on the third day after cesarean section (P<0.01).
 Conclusion: The contribution of alterations in plasma levels of KYN, QUIN and KYNA is closely related with the incidence of PPD, and correction of KYNA/QUIN ratio could be a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of postpartum depressive symptoms.

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) aggravated postoperative cognitive dysfunction and pathogenesis in aged rats.

The upstream signal molecule modulating neuro-inflammation and synaptic changes during the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is still elusive. Here, we examined the effects and mechanisms of energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the pathogenesis of POCD. Our data showed that surgery significantly increased the expression of p-AMPK in aged rats (p < 0.05), but not in adult rats (p > 0.05). Moreover, inhibiting AMPK activation via compound C during operation significantly improved surgery-induced impairment of the learning and memory of aged rats in water maze (p < 0.05). Further mechanism studies showed that corresponding to the impairment of learning and memory after surgery, surgery significantly increased the activation of microglia, decreased the expressions of NR2B and p-NR2B, and increased the expressions of Tau and p-Tau, which also were obviously restored by inhibiting AMPK during operation. In contrast, Inhibiting AMPK activation during operation didn't change ATP level in the hippocampus of aged rats after surgery. These data suggest that surgery induced activation of AMPK in hippocampus in an age-dependent manner. AMPK plays important roles in POCD of aged rats via multiple mechanisms, and is a possible molecular target for the prevention and treatment of POCD.